Part I Molecular Components of Cells 1
1 T he Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena 1
2 Water: The Medium of Life 30
3 T hermodynamics of Biological Systems 51
4 A mino Acids and the Peptide Bond 77
5 Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions 101
6 Proteins: Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structure 141
7 Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces 193
8 Lipids 233
9 Membranes and Membrane Transport 260
10 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 309
11 Structure of Nucleic Acids 336
12 Recombinant DNA: Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes 378
Part II Protein Dynamics 407
13 Enzymes—Kinetics and Specificity 407
14 Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 447
15 Enzyme Regulation 481
16 Molecular Motors 515
Part III Metabolism and Its Regulation 551
17 Metabolism: An Overview 551
18 Glycolysis 577
19 T he Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 609
20 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 643
21 Photosynthesis 683
22 Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway 719
23 Fatty Acid Catabolism 761
24 Lipid Biosynthesis 791
25 Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism 841
26 Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides 891
27 Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization 919
Part IV Information Transfer 947
28 DNA Metabolism: Replication, Recombination, and Repair 947
29 T ranscription and the Regulation of Gene Expression 993
30 Protein Synthesis 1047
31 Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, Processing, and Degradation 1087
32 T he Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information 1113
Abbreviated Answers to Problems A-1
Index I-1
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