《Physical Chemistry for the Biological Sciences》2nd Edition

《Physical Chemistry for the Biological Sciences》2nd Edition This book provides an introduction to physical chemistry that is directed toward applications to the biological sciences. Advanced mathematics is not required. This book can be used for either a one semester or two semester course, and as a reference volume by students and faculty in the biological sciences. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface to First Edition xv Preface to Second Edition xvii THERMODYNAMICS 1 1. Heat, Work, and Energy 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Temperature 4 1.3 Heat 5 1.4 Work 6 1.5 Definition of Energy 9 1.6 Enthalpy 11 1.7 Standard States 12 1.8 Calorimetry 13 1.9 Reaction Enthalpies 16 1.10 Temperature Dependence of the Reaction Enthalpy 18 References 19 Problems 20 2. Entropy and Gibbs Energy 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Statement of the Second Law 24 2.3 Calculation of the Entropy 26 2.4 Third Law of Thermodynamics 28 2.5 Molecular Interpretation of Entropy 29 2.6 Gibbs Energy 30 2.7 Chemical Equilibria 32 2.8 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Gibbs Energy 35 2.9 Phase Changes 36 2.10 Additions to the Gibbs Energy 39 Problems 40 3. Applications of Thermodynamics to Biological Systems 43 3.1 Biochemical Reactions 43 3.2 Metabolic Cycles 45 3.3 Direct Synthesis of ATP 49 3.4 Establishment of Membrane Ion Gradients by Chemical Reactions 51 3.5 Protein Structure 52 3.6 Protein Folding 60 3.7 ...