Chapter 1. Systems and their Surroundings 3
Questions 4
Chapter 2. State Functions and the Laws of Thermodynamics 5
2.1 General Considerations: State Variables and State Functions 5
2.2 The Internal Energy U and the First Law of Thermodynamics 7
2.2.1 Internal Energy, Heat, and Work 7
2.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 8
2.2.3 The Ideal Gas: A Convenient System to Understand Thermodynamic Principles 9
2.2.4 Changes in the State of an Ideal Gas 12
2.2.4.1 Irreversible Isothermal Expansion and Compression 12
2.2.4.2 Reversible Isothermal Expansion and Compression 13
2.2.4.3 Comparison of Reversible and Irreversible Changes of State 14
2.2.4.4 Adiabatic Expansion and Compression 16
2.2.5 Thermodynamic Cycles: Back and Forth or Round and Round 20
2.2.5.1 The Carnot Process 21
2.2.6 The Temperature Dependence of the Internal Energy U 25
2.3 The Enthalpy H 26
2.4 The Entropy S and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 29
2.4.1 Predicting Spontaneity of Processes: Dissipation of Heat and Matter 29
2.4.2 Entropy and Heat 30
2.4.3 Temperature Dependence of the Entropy 32
2.4.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy 33
2.4.5 Entropy and Order: The Statistic Interpretation 34
2.5 The Free Energy G : Combining System and Surroundings 37
2.5.1 Entropy- and Enthalpy-Driven Reactions 39
2.5.2 Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Free Energy 41
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