List of boxes viii
Preface to the sixth edition xi
For the student xii
Acknowledgements xiii
List of abbreviations xiv
Study and examination skills 1
1. The importance of transferable skills 3
2. Managing your time 9
3. Working with others 13
4. Taking notes from lectures and texts 18
5. Learning effectively 23
6. Revision strategies 30
7. Assignments and exams 35
8. Preparing your curriculum vitae 45
Information technology and learning resources 51
9. Finding and citing published information 53
10. Evaluating information 60
11. Using online resources 68
12. Using word processors, databases and other packages 78
13. Using spreadsheets 85
Communicating information 91
14. Organising a poster display 93
15. Giving a spoken presentation 98
16. General aspects of scientific writing 104
17. Writing essays 111
18. Reporting practical and project work 114
19. Writing literature surveys and reviews 119
Fundamental laboratory techniques 123
20. Essentials of practical work 125
21. Bioethics 128
22. Health and safety 136
23. Working with liquids 139
24. Basic laboratory procedures 145
25. Principles of solution chemistry 155
26. pH and buffer solutions
……
61.1 Types of cross and what you can (and cannot) learn from them 397
61.2 Example of a Chi2 (x2) test 398
62.1 How to carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 405
62.2 Bioinformatics–Internet resources 408
64.1 How to determine the specific activity of an experimental solution 419
64.2 Tips for preparing samples for liquid scintillation counting 421
65.1 How to set up a Clark (Rank) oxygen electrode 426
65.2 How to convert a chart recorder trace to a rate of O2 consumption or production 427
65.3 How to carry out the Winkler method for determination of dissolved oxygen in water 429
67.1 How to use a low-speed bench centrifuge 444
68.1 How to use a colorimeter 448
68.2 How to use a spectrophotometer 451
68.3 How to use a flame photometer 452
70.1 How to carry out agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA 464
70.2 How to carry out SDS-PAGE for protein separation 465
72.1 Checklist for the stages in drawing a graph 477
72.2 How to create and amend graphs within a spreadsheet for use in coursework reports and dissertations 480
72.3 How graphs can misrepresent and mislead 485
73.1 Checklist for preparing a table 489
73.2 How to use a word processor or a spreadsheet to create a table for use in coursework reports and dissertations 490
74.1 Example of using the algebraic rules of Table 74.2 495
74.2 Model answer to a typical biological problem 496
75.1 Descriptive statistics for an illustrative sample of data 506
75.2 Three examples where simple arithmetic means are inappropriate 511
75.3 How to use a spreadsheet to calculate descriptive statistics 512
76.1 How to carry out a t-test 521
76.2 Worked example of a t-test 522
76.3 Using a spreadsheet to calculate hypothesis-testing statistics 524
ix
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