Modern Raman Spectroscopy – A Practical Approach
Ewen Smith
Strathclyde University, Glasgow
Geoffrey Dent
Intertek ASG and UMIST, Manchester
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC THEORY
AND PRINCIPLES 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic Theory 2
1.3 Molecular Vibrations 8
1.4 Summary 20
CHAPTER 2 THE RAMAN EXPERIMENT – RAMAN
INSTRUMENTATION, SAMPLE PRESENTATION,
DATA HANDLING AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS
OF INTERPRETATION 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Choice of Instrument 24
2.3 Visible Excitation 24
2.4 NIR Excitation 30
2.5 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling 31
2.6 Sample Mounting Accessories 41
2.7 Microscopy 45
2.8 Calibration 51
2.9 Data Handling, Manipulation and Quantitation 53
2.10 Approach to Qualitative Interpretation 61
2.11 Summary 67
CHAPTER 3 THE THEORY OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Absorption and Scattering 72
3.3 States of a System and Hooke’s Law 74
3.4 The Nature of Polarizability and the Measurement
of Polarization 76
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3.5 The Basic Selection Rule 80
3.6 Number and Symmetry of Vibrations 80
3.7 Symmetry Elements and Point Groups 82
3.8 The Mutual Exclusion Rule 86
3.9 The Kramer Heisenberg Dirac Expression 86
3.10 Lattice Modes 90
3.11 Conclusions 91
CHAPTER 4 RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Theoretical Aspects 94
4.3 Practical Aspects 101
4.4 Examples of the Use of Resonance Raman Scattering 103
4.5 Conclusions 112
CHAPTER 5 SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING
AND SURFACE-ENHANCED RESONANCE
RAMAN SCATTERING 113
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Theory 116
5.3 Electromagnetic and Charge Transfer Enhancement 117
5.4 Selection Rules 121
5.5 Applications of SERS 122
5.6 Applications of SERRS 126
5.7 The Basic Method 127
CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS 135
6.1 Introduction 135
6.2 Inorganics and Minerals 135
6.3 Art and Archaeology 143
6.4 Polymers and Emulsions 143
6.5 Colour 149
6.6 Electronics Applications 158
6.7 Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications 160
6.8 Forensic Applications 166
6.9 Plant Control and Reaction Following 167
6.10 Summary 172
CHAPTER 7 MORE ADVANCED RAMAN SCATTERING
TECHNIQUES 181
7.1 Flexible Optics 182
7.2 Tuneable Lasers, Frequency Doubling and Pulsed Lasers 187
7.3 Spatially Resolved Systems 189
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7.4 Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy 191
7.5 Time Resolved Scattering 196
7.6 Raman Optical Activity 198
7.7 UV Excitation 199
7.8 Conclusions 201
Index 203
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