《Analytical atomic spectroscopy with flames and plasmas》Broekaert 著

书籍推荐 · 发表于 2019-4-30 17:51:47

Introduction 1
1 Basic Principles 4
1.1 Atomic structure 4
1.2 Plasmas 8
1.3 Emission and absorption of radiation 9
1.4 Ionization 18
1.5 Dissociation 23
1.6 Sources for atomic spectrometry 27
1.7 Analytical atomic spectrometry 31
2 Spectrometric Instrumentation 34
2.1 Figures of merit of an analytical method 34
2.2 Optical spectrometers 51
2.2.1 Optical systems 52
2.2.2 Radiation detectors 61
2.2.3 Non-dispersive spectrometers 70
2.3 Mass spectrometers 72
2.3.1 Types of mass spectrometers 73
2.3.2 Ion detection 80
2.3.3 Ion extraction 82
2.3.4 Ion optics and transmission 84
2.4 Data acquisition and treatment 84
3 Sample Introduction Devices 88
3.1 Sample introduction by pneumatic nebulization 90
3.2 Ultrasonic nebulization 103
3.3 Hydride and other volatile species generation 105
3.4 Electrothermal vaporization 109
3.4.1 The volatilization process 109
3.4.2 Types of electrothermal devices 111
3.4.3 Temperature programming 114
3.4.4 Analytical performance 115
3.5 Direct solids sampling 117
3.5.1 Thermal methods 117
3.5.2 Slurry atomization 120
3.5.3 Arc and spark ablation 124
3.5.4 Laser ablation 131
3.6 Cathodic sputtering 135
4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 148
4.1 Principles 148
4.2 Atomic absorption spectrometers 150
4.2.1 Spectrometers 150
4.2.2 Primary radiation sources 152
4.3 Flame atomic absorption 158
4.3.1 Flames and burners 159
4.3.2 Nebulizers 161
4.3.3 Figures of merit 162
4.4 Electrothermal atomic absorption 164
4.4.1 Atomizers 165
4.4.2 Thermochemistry 168
4.4.3 Figures of merit 169
4.5 Special techniques 172
4.5.1 Hydride and cold-vapor techniques 172
4.5.2 Direct solids sampling 174
4.5.3 Indirect determinations 175
4.5.4 Flow injection analysis 175
4.5.5 Diode laser atomic absorption spectrometry 176
4.6 Background correction techniques 177
4.6.1 Correction for background absorption with the deuterium lamp
technique 177
4.6.2 Background correction with the aid of the Zeeman e€ect 179
4.6.3 Smith±Hieftje technique 182
4.6.4 Coherent forward scattering 183
4.7 Fields of application 184
4.8 Outlook 191
5 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 192
5.1 Principles 192
5.2 Atomic emission spectrometers 202
5.3 Flame emission 210
5.4 Arcs and sparks 210
5.4.1 Arc emission spectrometry 210
5.4.1.1 Arc characteristics 210
5.4.1.2 Dc arc spectrometry 211
5.4.1.3 Ac arc spectrometry 213
5.4.2 Spark emission spectrometry 213
5.4.2.1 Sparks 213
5.4.2.2 Analytical features 215
5.5 Plasma source AES 216
5.5.1 Dc plasma-jet AES 217
5.5.1.1 Types of plasma jets 217
5.5.1.2 Three-electrode plasma jet 218
5.5.2 Inductively coupled plasma AES 219
5.5.2.1 The inductively coupled plasma 219
5.5.2.2 Instrumentation 221
5.5.2.3 Analytical performance 223
5.5.2.4 Applications 232
5.5.3 Low-power high-frequency plasmas 233
5.5.4 Microwave plasmas 234
5.6 Glow discharge AES 241
5.6.1 Hollow cathodes for AES 242
5.6.2 Furnace emission spectrometry 243
5.6.3 Dc glow discharges with a ˉat cathode 244
5.6.4 Rf glow discharges 248
5.6.5 New developments 249
5.7 Laser sources 251
6 Plasma Mass Spectrometry 254
6.1 ICP mass spectrometry 255
6.1.1 Instrumentation 255
6.1.2 Analytical features 257
6.1.3 Applications 268
6.1.4 Outlook 272
6.2 Glow discharge mass spectrometry 275
6.2.1 Instrumentation 277
6.2.2 Analytical performance 281
6.2.3 Analytical applications 282
7 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 290
7.1 Principles 290
7.2 Instrumentation 293
7.3 Analytical performance 295
8 Laser Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry 297
8.1 Principles 297
8.2 Figues of merit 300
8.3 Analytical applications 301
9 Sample Preparation for Atomic Spectrometry 302
9.1 Sample preparation in direct compact sample analysis 302
9.2 Grinding, sieving and compaction of powders 302
9.3 Sample dissolution 304
9.3.1 Wet chemical methods 304
9.3.2 Fusion procedures 304
9.3.3 Microwave-assisted methods 305
9.3.4 Combustion techniques 305
9.4 Flow injection analysis 305
9.5 Leaching sample preparation methods 306
10 Comparison with Other Methods 307
10.1 Power of detection 307
10.2 Analytical accuracy 309
10.3 Economic aspects 310
Literature 312