PART ONE FOUNDATIONS
1 THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE 1
1-1 What is Biochemistry? 2
1-2 Biological Molecules 3
1-3 Energy and Metabolism 10
1-4 The Origin and Evolution of Life 14
2 AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY 24
2-1 Water Molecules form Hydrogen Bonds 25
2-2 The Hydrophobic Effect 30
2-3 Acid–Base Chemistry 33
2-4 Tools and Techniques: Buffers 41
PART TWO MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
3 FROM GENES TO PROTEINS 51
3-1 DNA Is the Genetic Material 52
3-2 Genes Encode Proteins 61
3-3 Genomics 65
3-4 Tools and Techniques: Manipulating DNA 70
4 PROTEIN STRUCTURE 87
4-1 Proteins Are Chains of Amino Acids 89
4-2 Secondary Structure: The Conformation of the Peptide Group 96
4-3 Tertiary Structure and Protein Stability 99
4-4 Quaternary Structure 107
4-5 Tools and Techniques: Analyzing Protein Structure 108
5 PROTEIN FUNCTION 121
5-1 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: Oxygen-Binding Proteins 122
5-2 Structural Proteins 133
5-3 Motor Proteins 144
6 HOW ENZYMES WORK 158
6-1 What Is an Enzyme? 159
6-2 The Chemistry of Catalysis 162
6-3 The Unique Properties of Enzyme Catalysts 171
6-4 Some Additional Features of Enzymes 174
7 ENZYME KINETICS AND INHIBITION 188
7-1 Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics 189
7-2 Derivation and Meaning of the Michaelis–Menten Equation 191
7-3 Enzyme Inhibition 200
8 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 220
8-1 Lipids 221
8-2 The Lipid Bilayer 227
8-3 Membrane Proteins 230
8-4 The Fluid Mosaic Model 233
9 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 241
9-1 The Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport 242
9-2 Passive Transport 246
9-3 Active Transport 252
9-4 Membrane Fusion 255
10 SIGNALING 266
10-1 General Features of Signaling Pathways 267
10-2 G Protein Signaling Pathways 271
10-3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 277
10-4 Lipid Hormone Signaling 281
11 CARBOHYDRATES 290
11-1 Monosaccharides 291
11-2 Polysaccharides 294
11-3 Glycoproteins 299
PART THREE METABOLISM
12 METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS 308
12-1 Food and Fuel 309
12-2 Metabolic Pathways 314
12-3 Free Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 323
13 GLUCOSE METABOLISM 338
13-1 Glycolysis 339
13-2 Gluconeogenesis 354
13-3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 357
13-4 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 361
14 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 370
14-1 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction 371
14-2 The Eight Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 374
14-3 Anabolic and Catabolic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle 384
15 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 394
15-1 The Thermodynamics of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 395
15-2 Mitochondrial Electron Transport 399
15-3 Chemiosmosis 408
15-4 ATP Synthase 410
16 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 420
16-1 Chloroplasts and Solar Energy 422
16-2 The Light Reactions 425
16-3 Carbon Fixation 432
17 LIPID METABOLISM 442
17-1 Fatty Acid Oxidation 445
17-2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 453
17-3 Synthesis of Other Lipids 463
18 NITROGEN METABOLISM 475
18-1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 476
18-2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 480
18-3 Nucleotide Biosynthesis 488
18-4 Amino Acid Catabolism 494
18-5 Nitrogen Disposal: The Urea Cycle 498
19 REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN FUEL METABOLISM 509
19-1 Integration of Fuel Metabolism 510
19-2 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism 515
19-3 Disorders of Fuel Metabolism 520
PART FOUR GENETIC INFORMATION
20 DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR 529
20-1 DNA Supercoiling 530
20-2 The DNA Replication Machinery 533
20-3 Telomeres 540
20-4 DNA Damage and Repair 543
20-5 DNA Packaging 552
21 TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA 561
21-1 Transcription Initiation 563
21-2 RNA Polymerase 571
21-3 RNA Processing 576
22 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 590
22-1 tRNA Aminoacylation 592
22-2 Ribosome Structure 596
22-3 Translation 599
22-4 Post-translational Events 608
GLOSSARY 617
SOLUTIONS 629
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS PP-1
ANSWERS TO CLINICAL CONNECTION
QUESTIONS CC-1
INDEX I-1
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